(ii) Memory
9. Memory: Used to temporarily store programs and data running on the CPU. It is the transfer station for computer data exchange. The read and write speed and capacity of memory have a significant impact on server performance.
10. Common memory types: Currently, servers commonly use DDR4 (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) and DDR5 memory. DDR5 has further improvements in frequency, bandwidth and capacity compared to DDR4.
11. Memory capacity: Common single-module server memory capacities include 8GB, 16GB, 32GB, and 64GB. Servers can expand their total memory capacity through multiple memory slots to meet the memory requirements of large applications and virtualization environments.
12. Memory frequency: refers to the clock frequency at which the memory operates, measured in MHz. The higher the frequency, the faster the data transfer speed. Common DDR4 memory frequencies include 2400MHz, 2666MHz, and 3200MHz, while DDR5 memory has even higher frequencies.
(III) Hard disk
13. Hard disk: Used for long-term storage of server operating systems, applications, data files, etc., and is a key device for persistent storage of server data.
14. Common hard drive types: Hard disk drives (HDDs) use magnetic platters to store data and are characterized by large capacity and low cost; Solid state drives (SSDs) use flash memory chips to store data, which are characterized by fast read and write speeds, strong shock resistance, and low power consumption, but are relatively expensive; Hybrid hard drives (HHDs) combine the characteristics of HDDs and SSDs, with some data stored in high-speed flash memory to improve read and write performance.
15. Hard drive capacity: Common single-disk capacities for HDDs include 1TB, 2TB, 4TB, and 8TB; SSD capacities are generally 256GB, 512GB, 1TB, and 2TB, etc. With the development of technology, hard drive capacities continue to increase.
(iv) Motherboard
16. Function of the motherboard: As the core platform of the server hardware system, the motherboard connects various hardware components such as CPU, memory, hard drive, graphics card, and network interface, providing them with power supply, data transmission channels and communication control to ensure that the components work together.
17. Motherboard Interfaces: External interfaces include USB ports (commonly USB 2.0, USB 3.0, and USB 3.1, used to connect external devices such as keyboards, mice, and external hard drives), RJ45 Ethernet ports (for network connections), and VGA or HDMI ports (for connecting monitors, facilitating server management and debugging); internal interfaces include SATA ports (for connecting SATA hard drives and optical drives), SAS ports (for connecting SAS hard drives), and power connectors (providing power to the motherboard and various hardware components).
18. Motherboard thermal design: To ensure that the heat generated by the chipset, power supply module and other components on the motherboard is dissipated in time during operation, the motherboard is usually equipped with heatsinks and fans. Some high-end motherboards also use more efficient thermal technologies such as heat pipe cooling and VRM heatsink armor.