(v) Power supply
19. Power supply function: Converting alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) required by the various hardware components of the server, providing a stable power supply for the server, which is the basic guarantee for the normal operation of the server.
20. Power Supply: Depending on the server configuration and load requirements, power supplies come in different specifications, such as 400W, 500W, 600W, 750W, and 1000W. When selecting a power supply, ensure that its power can meet the total power consumption requirements of all server hardware components and reserve a certain amount of redundancy.
21. Redundant power supply: Composed of multiple power supply modules, when one power supply fails, the other power supplies can automatically take over the entire load to ensure the continuous operation of the server. It is often used in enterprise-level servers and data centers with extremely high reliability requirements. Common redundancy methods include 1+1 redundancy (two power supplies, one working and one backup) and N+1 redundancy (N working power supplies and 1 backup power supply).
(vi) Chassis and heat dissipation
22. Chassis: Provides physical protection and mounting framework for server hardware components, while also shielding against electromagnetic interference and optimizing internal airflow channels to aid in heat dissipation.
23. Chassis Type: Based on the server’s appearance, chassis are divided into tower chassis (similar to ordinary PC chassis, larger in size, with good expandability, commonly used in small and medium-sized enterprise servers), rack chassis (designed for standard 19-inch rack mounting size, which can save space, facilitate centralized management and maintenance, and is widely used in data centers), and blade chassis (can accommodate multiple blade server modules, highly integrated, suitable for high-density computing needs).
24. Cooling Methods: There are mainly two methods: air cooling and liquid cooling. Air cooling uses a fan to blow cool air across the surface of hardware components to remove heat. It is the most common cooling method and has the advantages of low cost and easy maintenance. Liquid cooling uses coolant as a heat transfer medium to transfer heat to an external heatsink for dissipation.
III. Server Software System
(a) Operating System
25. Role of the server operating system: It is the foundation of the server software system, responsible for managing server hardware resources (such as CPU, memory, hard disk, network, etc.), providing a runtime environment for applications, and realizing functions such as task scheduling, file management, and network communication.
26. Common server operating systems: Windows Server series (user-friendly interface, easy to manage, good compatibility with the Windows ecosystem, commonly used in enterprise applications); Linux distributions, such as CentOS, Ubuntu Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), etc. (open source, secure, stable, highly customizable, widely used in cloud computing, big data, web services, etc.); UNIX systems (such as Solaris, AIX, etc., mainly used in industries with extremely high requirements for stability and security, such as finance and telecommunications).
27. Operating system installation methods: These include CD installation, USB flash drive installation, network installation (installation via downloading installation files from a network server using PXE technology), and virtualization installation (installing the operating system in a virtual machine). Network installation is suitable for large-scale server deployments and can improve installation efficiency.
28. Operating System Security Configuration: This includes setting user permissions and password policies, enabling firewalls and intrusion detection systems, disabling unnecessary services and ports, and performing regular security scans to prevent malicious attacks and data leaks, ensuring the security of servers and data.